Archive for close proximity

NASA seeks cooks for Mars trip simulation

NASA is looking for volunteers to prepare foods during a simulated Mars mission that will see six lucky people locked in close proximity for 120 days.

Researchers from the University of Hawaii and Cornell University are looking for volunteers for the simulation, dubbed the Hawaii Space Exploration Analogue Simulation (HI-SEAS), which will aim to solve the problems of space cuisine. The purpose is to make sure that astronauts making the long trip to Mars get proper nutrition on the trip.

Food for preparation in zero gravity is a well-established industry, and the problems of feeding people in space have led to some interesting – and by all accounts, horrible – taste and texture combinations. But it has been noted that after long periods of the same sorts of foods, “menu fatigue” sets in, and the food is less attractive. Orbital travel already takes a toll on muscles and skeletal development, so the team are going to experiment with cooking actual food as well to keep astronauts interested in eating.

“Anecdotal evidence indicates that menu fatigue may be less significant when food is cooked fresh on site rather than simply rehydrated,” says the call for volunteers. “With the right ingredient set and some skill and creativity in the kitchen, an almost infinite variety of foods can be produced, providing planetary explorers with a nutritionally balanced diet customized to their evolving needs and likes. Moreover, preparation of food is an important part of every human culture, with psychological value for both the crew and the cook.”

Initially, six volunteers will be selected for a two-week test inside an enclosed environment on Hawaii to simulate a space voyage, where they will eat prepackaged foods and meals they cook themselves, can only receive time-lagged electronic messages to simulate distance from Earth, and will only leave the capsule when wearing a space suit.

Following successful completion of this shakedown cruise-with-cruising, a four-month trial will begin to measure the longer term effects of the two forms of diet. The testers will have their energy use measured, and hopefully the effects of self-prepared meals verses prepackaged can be accurately measured. A chef will help with meal selection, to avoid a Blazing Saddles bean-feast situation.

Those looking to take on the task must have nothing to do next year, be between 21 and 65, possess a degree in engineering, biological or physical sciences, mathematics, or computer science, and be smoke-free for at least the last two years. Household cooking experience and a valid driver’s license is considered desirable.

You have until February 29 to apply. ®

Article source: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/02/22/nasa_mars_cooks/

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Mercury: The Little Planet Full of Surprises

However Mercury, with its massive heart of iron, got to be the oddball of the inner solar system’s family, it was not by trials of fire, new research shows.

Excessive heating due to its close proximity to the sun has long been the favored explanation for why tiny Mercury has proportionally so much more metal iron than its sister rocky worlds Venus, Earth and Mars. Lighter elements just got boiled away, according to this theory.

PHOTOS: Mercury, Venus Light Up the Night Sky

Another theory suggests a massive body smashed into Mercury when it was young, blasting away its rocky shell and leaving behind a diminutive world that is more than half iron core.

New research from NASA’s Mercury orbiting Messenger spacecraft tells another story. Scientists find that volatile materials, such as potassium and sulphur, which would have been lost as temperatures spiked under either scenario, are present on the planet today.

“The chemistry is not what we expected,” Messenger lead scientist Sean Solomon, with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, told Discovery News.

Perhaps Mercury formed from a metal-rich swath of planetary building materials that existed closest to the young sun, suggests scientist Denton Ebel, curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.


WATCH VIDEO: What does it take to find a planet 63 light-years from Earth?

“The big conundrum at Mercury is the size of its core relative to its mantle. Between 60 to 70 percent of the mass of Mercury is in its core, whereas for the Earth it’s only about 32 percent. That’s a huge difference. The question is how did it get that way?” Ebel told Discovery News.

There’s more for scientists to ponder than how Mercury formed. Messenger, the first probe to orbit the innermost planet of the solar system, revealed that Mercury has an asymmetrical — and fluctuating — magnetic field that is stronger in the north than in the south.

There’s also geologic evidence for huge outpourings of lava that inundated large areas of Mercury to a depth of several miles — enough to bury the state of Texas more than four miles deep.

The rock was so hot, it melted into the ground and created new channels that flowed onto the surface.

Other images from Messenger show a new type of landform called “hollows” — rimless depressions where scientists believe volatile materials on the planet’s surface have been — and possibly are being — blasted into gases by sunlight or solar wind particles.

“It’s quite conceivable that mercury is still geologically active,” Solomon said.

“From the perspective of the science team, it’s been a delight to realize that many of the theories about Mercury are no longer viable,” he added. “Mercury has just been a long list of surprises.”

NEWS: A Double Planet Seen From Mercury

After a seven-year voyage that included three flybys of Mercury, Messenger became the first probe to go into orbit around Mercury in March. The primary mission is scheduled to last for another six months.

A series of papers from the Messenger team is published in this week’s Science.

Article source: http://news.discovery.com/space/mercury-messenger-110929.html

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Astronomers locate planet blasted away by violent star

This graphic contains an image and illustration of a nearby star, named CoRoT-2a, which has a planet in close orbit around it. (Chandra photo)

The X-rays pummeling a planet 880 light-years away are about 100 thousand times more intense than those traveling from the Sun to the Earth, and astronomers say that’s why planet CoRoT-2b is losing 5 million tons of material every second.

Using a telescope at NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, astronomers located the shredded planet orbiting relatively close to star CoRoT-2a — only about 2.8 million miles away.

What they saw was surprising, but not only because of what’s happening to the planet.

“This planet is being absolutely fried by its star,” said Sebastian Schroeter of the University of Hamburg in Germany. “What may be even stranger is that this planet may be affecting the behavior of the star that is blasting it.”

The planet’s close proximity to the star could be speeding up the star’s rotation and keeping its magnetic fields overly active.

“If it wasn’t for the planet, this star might have left behind the volatility of its youth millions of years ago,” Stefan Czesla, also of the University of Hamburg.

The discovery was detailed in the August issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Read more from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory.

Visit seattlepi.com’s home page for more Seattle news. Contact Amy Rolph at amyrolph@seattlepi.com or on Twitter as @amyrolph and @bigblog.

Article source: http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2011/09/14/astronomers-locate-planet-blasted-away-by-violent-star/

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Star fries planet with X-rays

Star fries planet with X-rays
DR EMILY BALDWIN
ASTRONOMY NOW
Posted: 14 September 2011

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New data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESO’s Very Large Telescope find that a planet discovered in 2008 by CoRoT is being eroded away by an intense stream of X-rays from its host star.

The system, which comprises a bloated three-Jupiter mass planet orbiting its star at a distance roughly ten times the Earth-Moon separation, lies 880 light years away and was first detected by the Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits satellite, CoRoT. New data from Chandra and the VLT reveal that high-energy radiation is evaporating about five million tons of matter from the planet every second. While this may seem a lot, it is equivalent to a loss of just 0.073 Jupiter masses per billion years.

A star is blasting a planet with intense X-rays, but the planet itself could be responsible for the star’s activity. Image: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss.

“Complete evaporation would take longer than the star’s lifetime,” comments lead scientist Sebastian Schroeter of the University of Hamburg in Germany, on the fate of the planet. “However, we would expect the planet and its host star to be gravitationally interacting – this could indeed lead to a further decay of the planet’s orbit, but we do not have any observational evidence for such a process.”

The system is estimated to be 100-300 million years old, that is, the star is fully formed. But the observation of such intense X-ray activity produced by the star’s magnetic fields is more typical of younger stars, so the scientists suspect that the close proximity of the planet may be speeding up the star’s rotation, keeping its magnetic fields active.

“If it wasn’t for the planet, this star might have left behind the volatility of its youth millions of years ago,” adds co-author Stefan Czesla, also from the University of Hamburg.

X-Ray and optical/infrared image of CoRoT-2a and its close companion star. Image: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ of Hamburg/S.Schrter et al; Optical: NASA/NSF/IPAC-Caltech/UMass/2MASS, UNC/CTIO/PROMPT.

Support for this idea comes from the detection of a potential companion star orbiting Corot-2a at a thousand times greater than the separation of the Earth and Sun. The star is not seen in X-rays, which suggests the absence of a planet that would otherwise be keeping it active.

“Assuming that the distant companion star is gravitationally bound and has the same age as CoRoT-2a – both stars should have formed together – we would expect the companion to be X-ray active too, but this is not the case,” Schroeter tells Astronomy Now. “One could say, the planet kept its star from maturing. Following this argument, without its planet, CoRoT-2a would be much less magnetically active, perhaps rotating slower and would be X-ray dark as is its companion star.”

The study is published in the August issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Article source: http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1109/14corot/

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Star Rips Exoplanet to Shreds with X-Rays

Destructive-relationship

Some relationships are doomed from the beginning, and the same can be said of some planetary systems.

Scientists using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory have identified a star and its planet that are locked in a mutually volatile relationship.


WATCH VIDEO: What does it take to find a planet 63 light-years from Earth?

SLIDE SHOW: Top Exoplanets for Alien Life

Located 880 light-years away, the star CoRoT-2a is ruthlessly pummeling a closely-orbiting planet with powerful X-rays, blasting an estimated 5 million tons of material off of it every second! The planet, dubbed CoRoT-2b, orbits its star at a distance of about 3 percent the distance between the Earth and the sun — only around 2.8 million miles — and receives a hundred thousand times the X-ray radiation that Earth receives.

In turn, the planet’s close proximity may be responsible for keeping up the high rotation rate of its star, increasing its magnetic activity and thus its X-ray output. Talk about negative reinforcement!

A nearby companion star to CoRoT-2a does not exhibit this level of X-ray activity, possibly due to a lack of a similar closely orbiting planet.

The image above is an artist’s illustration of the system, showing a very magnetically active star blowing clouds of material off a hapless planet.

CoRoT-2a B

Seen right, is an image made of X-ray data from Chandra and optical and infrared data from the Panchromatic Robotic Optical Monitoring and Polarimetry Telescopes (PROMPT) and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), showing the star CoRoT-2a in the center. Its purple glow indicates it as an X-ray source.

The nearby star is the dimmer object just to the bottom right of CoRot-2a. (The planet itself cannot be seen in this image.)

SEE ALSO: ‘Cool Jupiter’ Widens Exoplanet Search

Discoveries like this are a testament to the many types of extreme and exotic conditions that exoplanets may exist in. One can’t help but realize what a cozy spot our own planet has, considering the possible alternatives!

Want more dirt on the CoRoT-2a couple? Read more about their rather abusive relationship on the Chandra site here.

CoRoT-2b, was discovered by the French Space Agency’s Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits (CoRoT) satellite in 2008. Image credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ of Hamburg/S.Schröter et al; Optical: NASA/NSF/IPAC-Caltech/UMass/2MASS, UNC/CTIO/PROMPT; Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss.





Article source: http://news.discovery.com/space/star-exoplanet-destructive-relationship-110914.html

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Glowing Supernova Debris Captured By Hubble Telescope

Image Credit NASA, ESA, and P. Challis (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers are witnessing the unprecedented transition of a supernova to a supernova remnant, where light from an exploding star in a neighbouring galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, reached Earth in February 1987.

Named Supernova 1987A, it was the closest supernova explosion witnessed in almost 400 years. The supernova’s close proximity to Earth allows astronomers to study it in detail as it evolves. Now, the supernova debris, which has faded over the years, is brightening. This means that a different power source has begun to light the debris.

The debris of SN 1987A is beginning to impact the surrounding ring, creating powerful shock waves that generate X-rays observed with NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. Those X-rays are illuminating the supernova debris and shock heating is making it glow in visible light.

Since its launch in 1990, the Hubble telescope has provided a continuous record of the changes in SN 1987A.


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Article source: http://www.irishweatheronline.com/news/space/astronomy/glowing-supernova-debris-captured-by-hubble-telescope/37311.html

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